For those with capital to invest, several European nations have offered ‘golden visas’ — residence rights in exchange for significant investment in property, business or government bonds.

A changing picture

Once widespread, these schemes have come under scrutiny over concerns about money laundering and housing affordability. Some countries have scrapped or tightened their programmes, while others continue to welcome investors.

Doing it right

Rules, minimum investments and the rights granted vary enormously. Anyone considering this route needs rigorous legal and financial due diligence to avoid costly mistakes.