Few shifts have reshaped European policy as profoundly as the scramble to replace Russian gas, and the continent’s energy map looks utterly different than it did a few years ago.

A rapid pivot

Europe slashed its dependence on Russian pipeline gas with remarkable speed, turning to liquefied natural gas, new suppliers and a turbo-charged rollout of renewables.

The unfinished transition

Diversifying supply has improved security but raised costs, and the long-term answer — abundant clean energy and storage — is still being built.

Energy has moved from a technical matter to a top-tier question of national and European security.